How does Shakespeare present conflict at the start of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

How does Shakespeare present conflict at the start of Romeo and Juliet Essay Explain how Shakespeare presents the theme of violence in this part of the play. The first thing to note about this scene is that it takes place right at the start of the play. I think that this scene exists to set up and highlight one of the key conflicts in the play as a whole. It takes place after a serious fight between the Montagues and Capulets. This fight’s prime instigator is Tybalt who when asked by Benvollio to help him keep the peace says: â€Å"What drawn and talk of peace. I hate the word, As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee: Have at thee, coward!† Clearly then this is a deep seated conflict that is responsible for disturbing the peace in Verona and it is the Prince’s job to restore order in this scene. Therefore right at the start of the scene he calls them ‘profaners’. This is very emotive language and helps to underline the Prince’s contempt for both of the families and their conflict. The audience when they hear language like this will then associate both families as being not being very religious and being opposed to God and His purposes. The contempt that the Prince and the audience is supposed to feel for both of the fighting families is further emphasised in the description of their swords as ‘neighbor-stained steel’. Clearly what the Prince is trying to highlight here is that both families are behaving in a very selfish immature way and are showing an unchristian regard for their neighbours. Therefore violence is shown in this scene as being something that is pointless, stupid and going against God. Following on from this the theme of violence is further emphasised through the Prince’s use of a rhetorical question: â€Å"Will they not hear?† I think that Shakespeare deliberately uses this technique here to demonstrate how unthinking both families are in their hatred for each other. It is clear that the hatred between them runs so deep that they cannot and will not listen to people who are trying to mediate between them and trying to keep the peace. This is further emphasised later on in the line by the Prince describing them as ‘beasts’. I think that Shakespeare deliberately uses this word to help emphasise just how nasty the violence between both families are. A beast is an animal. Therefore, to the Prince, the unthinking violence between them has gone so far as to take away their humanity. Again in the next line Shakespeare has further emphasised the Prince’s dislike and animosity towards both families and even how fed up he is with their constant quarrelling by using the emotive language of: â€Å"your pernicious rage’ This helps to underline that to the Prince it is both families’ actions that are having a harmful effect on his city and that they are gradually being very destructive through their actions. According to the Prince the only thing that will help to cool the men’s emotions down and will stop all the violence is: â€Å"purple fountains issuing from your veins† What the Prince means here is that only by the men’s spilt blood will they calm down. This does not seem like an effective way to keep the peace and helps to show that for some reason violence has become a way of life for the people involved the quarrel. What is the cause of all this violence the audience would naturally ask at this point in the speech? It is clear that, according to the Prince, that the cause of most of the violence is merely an ‘airy word’. The connotations of ‘airy’ are something that is unsubstantial, something that is barely even there. Therefore the portrayal of violence in this part of the play by Shakespeare is of actions that don’t have a cause, that are incre4dibly harmful and don’t seem to be about anything much in particular. Surely then we as the audience will slightly sympathise with the Prince and his role to help keep the peace. This can be seen later on in the play when Tybalt gets into a fight with Mercutio. One of the key moments in the play is when Tybalt says: â€Å"Mercutio thou consortst with Romeo† This could be seen as being just friendly ‘banter’ however to both families it is seemingly jokey things people say to each other take on huge significance. For me then these ‘airy words’ have a huge impact because the strong sense of pride these characters have and how they are unable to let things slide. I think this helps to underline what I think is the big lesson that Shakespeare is trying to teach us about violence in the play and that is that is that violence is often seen by people who are not taking part or who are innocent bystanders as being pointless and damaging.

The Nature of Humanity in the Work of Sherwood Anderson Essay -- Human

The Nature of Humanity in the Work of Sherwood Anderson A common staple of horror stories—in film and on the page—is the scene of the frightened and indignant villagers chasing the monster who has been terrorizing the townsfolk. In Sherwood Anderson’s â€Å"Hands,† the protagonist, Adolph Myers (Wing Biddlebaum) is a well-intentioned individual whose actions the people around him contort so that he becomes more fiend than friend. In Wing Biddlebaum, the very aspects of his character that make him human are those that society distorts to make him into a maladapted monster: first, the mystery that surrounds him causes the townspeople to misunderstand him; second, because of the accusations of his pedophilic homosexuality stemming from this misunderstanding, they demonized him into a pariah; and, third, the guilt that the â€Å"mob† forces him to feel ultimately confines him to his own prison of anguish. Approaching the story from this perspective demonstrates that Wing’s destiny is almost beyond his control, a destiny significantly manufactured by his society’s judgments. Wing is an extremely intricate person; however, most of the people among whom he lived in Pennsylvania before his current residence in Ohio failed to recognize this, as do his fellow citizens in the town of Winesburg. Anderson describes him as â€Å"one of those rare, little-understood men who rule by a power so gentle that it passes as a lovable weakness† (13). Just as his previous neighbors were unable to understand Wing fully, so are those among whom he currently lives: â€Å"the depth and complexity of [his] suffering† baffles them (Elledge 11). The very profundity of Wing’s situation explains why he â€Å"for twenty years had been the town mystery,† although osten... ...While he is obviously no monster, ironically, his weakness and frailty as a limited mortal prolong his fall from grace, making a rise from such a fall seem insurmountable, tragically preserving the inaccurate image of his soul as that of a mere depraved, malevolent, and corrupting offense to human decency. Works Cited Anderson, Sherwood. â€Å"Hands.† Winesburg, Ohio. New York: Bantam, 1995. 8-15. Brown, Lynda. â€Å"Anderson’s Wing Biddlebaum and Freeman’s Louisa Ellis.† Studies in Short Fiction 27.3 (1990): 413-414. Elledge, Jim. â€Å"Dante’s Lovers in Sherwood Anderson’s ‘Hands.’† Studies in Short Fiction 21.1 (1984): 11-15. Morgan, Gwendolyn. â€Å"Anderson’s ‘Hands.’† The Explicator 48.1 (1989): 46-47. Updike, John. â€Å"Twisted Apples: On Winesburg, Ohio.† The American Short Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford, 2000. 1464-1468.

The Old Age Home

THE OLD AGE HOME Preface: In Western Country, Old aged person stay in old home is a common incident, but for our country, it is not natural because Bangladesh is a family bonding country. People here like to stay together. But increasing with modern facilities, people now prefer to think only for themselves & their old aged parents seems burden to them & they try to get rid from them. For that reason the number of Old homes are increasing day by day. Mission & Vision of this project: The main mission of the project is to increasing awareness between the young generation for not to leave their parents along in the time of their need.We want to make them conscious in this sense that, if they leave their parents along on their need, one day they also must be leave by their lovely children without any reason. The letter posted in every wall of old home is given bellow: [pic] If we successfully can increase awareness between people, the Rang on Old age home living people must be decrease & our countries family bonding being strong again. By this project we can make better relationship between us & the old people. We come to know about their life style & easily prepared ourselves for our future. IT helps us in many ways.Description & Roles of the old age home : Above 60 up ages men/women who are helpless, unable to earn anymore, who has no place to live, whose sons /daughter are able to look after them but don’t take care of them or who has no child or kit-kin . in a word who are helpless in financially /socially like this old men /women, they stay at old age home with the help of government or any non-government organization. In Bangladesh, there are four old age home. One government, one semi-govt. & two non- govt. The old home we visited is situated at Bishia Kuribari Monipur (hotapara) in joydebpur, Gazipur.The organizer of this old-aged home is the biggest Givency group, which is spread all over Gazipur district. With this many social well-fare work, the Old Aged home is one of them. The Total land area is about 24 Acres. The environment of old home is quiet and evergreen. There are a tin-shed building and three 5-stored building for the old men & women. [pic] By the old age home superintendent / caretaker and the list of old men/women, we came to know, at present there are 205 old men/women among them 93 old men and 112 old women.At first, we talked with some old men/women then they inform us that here they survive their rest life with some given rice. The old people get food in time. They also inform that, when they become seek there is a medical unit for treatment where has experienced doctor, two nurses and others officers and staff. The old age home put for them a noble/great treatment. There is a TV room and a common room for entertainment. They can use those rooms anytime. There are newspapers and books for passing leisure time. There is also a prayer room; all have to pray at time.But for living there, they (old men/women) n eed not to pay. Admission requirement: †¢ Above 60 years old. †¢ They have to be actual helpless. †¢ They have to be able to walk without anyone help. †¢ They have to be mentally strong. †¢ They have to be able to do own walk. †¢ They have to neat and clean. †¢ They have to attend the prayer regularly. †¢ Smoking is not allowed in this institution. †¢ The facilities which are given from the institution, nobody can want more than that. †¢ For religious festival they can get vacation for two times in a year, visitors can meet with them anytime. Description of our visit:May 31st, 2012, the first day, we started our journey from varsity campus at 11. 00 A. M. That day was Thursday and our class finished at 10:40 A. M. At first, we went station road by our varsity campus at 31/05/2012. That day was Thursday and our class finished at 10:40 a. m. at first we went station road by our varsity bus. Then we went to Hotapara, Gazipur by public t ransport. Then we went to Bishia Kuribari Monipur by auto-rickshaw. After 30 min we reached to the old age home. Then we talked with gatekeeper for permission to enter into the old age home. They took us to the office of caretaker and told to seat there until he came.After half an hour the caretaker came to the office and asked what we want, where we from. Then we told him that we are from a varsity, name – IUBAT. And we wanted to visit the old age home and also wanted to meet with the old people who live there. Then he refused us. He said student entering is not allowed without permission of authority. Then he gave us the cell number of the authority. Then we phoned the authority for permission. After requesting a lot, he permitted us to visit the old age home but not allowed to talk with any old people, also not allowed to take any picture. After that, he sent a guard with us.We really become very surprised to see the whole area. It’s really very large. The total Lan d area is 24 acres. It’s filled with green trees. Many kinds of fruits & flowers are there. The authority use jar for keeping water cool. This water mainly naturally purified by natural purifying system. There are almost 5 ponds in the campus. & fisheries is available almost all ponds. Authority also grows different vegetables & seeds there for ensuring all campus members good health. Prayer room, park, Hospital everything is available in the campus. Their also have big grave place for the time after their death.Mainly for Those person, who become death in this area & whose family not came to receive his dead-body after death. Over all the whole campus is nicely maintained by The Givency Group. Their Old age home project is really a non- profitable, helpful project for our general people. For visiting again the campus & talk with old persons, we need permission of the Authority. For that reason, we first approve an application by our course instructor & went to the main offic e of old home (sector-9, Uttara) for seeking permission. A format of that application is attached with this main document:After getting permission, we went there 2ndtime, in the same way. After reach there, we went to the caretaker’s room. We show them the application & request him to give us a chance for talking with the old people who are interested. By seeing the permission paper, He gave a chance to entering there but not allowed taking any mobile or camera. We agreed him and leave the camera and mobile. In that day we got two hours to stay with the old people. We all members enjoyed that day a lot. Some old men and women were so happy to see us. But the guard didn’t give us the chance to talk with everyone.They knew who are interested and who are not interested to talk with us. We talk with them who are interested to talk. In this day some old men and women told us to go again to meet with them. Fillings on their family absence: Almost all the people, who live in the old age home, have a family. They have children, they have grandchildren. But they are living here without their any of family members. Though they are here but they think about their family every moment. Though their family members are not careful about them, but they wish a happy life for their family. They also pray for their family.They always miss them all. They think if they are with their family. A conversation between an old woman and our group member Angkan kanti paul: An old woman called Angkan near her with smiley face†¦ Angkan: As-salamualykum. Woman: oalaikum-assalam, who are you? & What do you want? Angkan: I am Ankan, I want to know about you. I am here to see you, for spending few memorable times with you. Have you few times for me? Woman: I’m fine. I have a grandson as like as you. Angkan: I’m also your grandson. Woman: No. Because after leave me here he never come back for see me. But you come. Where is my grandson?He doesn’t come to m e and he doesn’t hug me anymore. After this conversation the old woman started to cry and went inside the room. Refreshment for them: On that day we got few times for spending with them. We did something for their mind refreshment. There was a few man and woman sitting beside garden, we joined with them. We asked about their health. After some time our one guest sung a song. They were happy with us. We walked some area with them. On the way they said some story of their life. After telling story of their life they became upset. When we understood that we told some jokes of our varsity life.We don’t know when we took place in their mind, when we told we have to go right now, they became upset and told us to come again to meet them. We all became also upset for them. They told us some sort story of their life. One Story of a woman given below: One old woman told as about her life story, how she came there. She had one son and one daughter. Her husband was a govt. employe r. After her husband died she reared her son and daughter. She gave her daughter marry. Her son got a job in privet farm. Then her son got marry. After half a year her son’s wife started to rude with her.One day her son came to her and told her that he will go outside with her for visiting a park. She was so happy. She got ready and started journey with her son. Her son brought her here. It is like a nice park so she didn’t understood. One time her son told her to seat in the park, and told that he is going for few moments, he will be back. But he didn’t back. Even he never met with his mother again. What we have learned from them? : We learn from them that in the last stage of life they are passing their time with full of sorrows, because they are the neglected person of their family. For this reason, they suffer in the long run.Only they know, living without family, how much painful. We also learn that we do not separate our mother, father, grandmother, grandf ather in the last stage of life, because they reared us with love. We will not send them to old age home. We try to feel there sorrows by standing on their present condition & promised us by ourselves that we never ever leave our parents alone in old home. We stay with our parents till their last breath. Limitations of our Project: For completing our project we face few obstacles & there also have few limitations, because in Old home, The Authority doesn’t permit us to talk freely with older.In old home, members are not living happily, if we asked them emotional questions, they become sad. For that reason, we try to talk with them very smartly but not freely. Though Authority gives them all facilities, they also have some limitations. It’s a institution not home, & Older are not fully satisfied with this types of facilities. But maintaining good quality of food & shelter they can’t improved the quality for making it best. Abstracted: Actually no one become happy in his life. But old people who lived in old home are really suffer a lot at their last stage of life.There life is full with sorrows & the pain for not getting happiness. Though their relatives leave them alone, they always pray for their good wish. In their last stage of life they only want to see their lovely child’s face for last time. It’s really shame for us that, we can’t take those persons responsibilities by whom, we came in this beautiful world. They all live here together like family, but this is not their real family. Actually without children they spend their life not happily. They don’t want to live long, they only want a happy Ending of their life.

Learning Experience Paper Essay

From the moment we enter into this world from the womb, humans are bombarded with stimuli and other conditioning. This stimulus plays a significant role in developing who we are, how we perceive elements before us and as important, how we react to those stimuli or events. The course that we take on this journey varies greatly from person to person. The various theories and methods discussed in the proceeding paper will evaluate the potential results from these various stimuli and conditioning, where they derive from and how they impact our learning experience. Throughout the world, there are few learning experiences that rival the association of sharks and the ocean and the subsequent fear that is elicited by people as a result. Some fear has reached an irrational level and is known as galeophobia, which means â€Å"Excessive and persistent fear of sharks† (Definition of fear of sharks, 2012, para. 1). These fears can occur on their own. However Hollywood of past, the maker of â€Å"JAWS† and ever increasing current events covered by expanding media have assuredly brought many new shark phobias into the fold. Fears commonly develop from the unknown or based on what cannot be seen, and those of the deep continue to underlie a mysterious phenomenon. On top of that, recent proof of bull sharks making their way into the brackish waters of rivers and tributaries have only validated some of these fears. As an experienced outdoorsman, surfer and diver, I have learned to have respect for all of my surroundings. While mankind typically has a good command of their surroundings, we are at risk on a daily basis, from muggings to shootings, to vehicle accidents and more. Climb a mountain, walk a ledge, run out in lightening or swim in the ocean and possibilities of injury or more are there. We simply must live our lives regardless and accept the risks that we face. People, throughout times, have been drawn to the coasts and oceans, first as a means of access ways for trade and some time after as a place of relaxation. We have always known there were mysterious creatures in the sea, some dangerous and sharks are definitely among the top of the  predators. Classical conditioning can play a role in developing situations such as this fear. In this instance, the shark is the unconditioned stimulus, as most people would inherently fear it. As such, fear would constitute the unconditional response. The neutral stimulus, in this case, would be the beach or entry into the waters of the beach. â€Å"After some such pairings the CS will elicit, by itself, a conditioned response (CR) very much like UR.† (Reber, Allen, Reber, 2009) Shark attacks have occurred for as long as we have been associated with the water. Over the past several decades, is that shark attacks, movies concerning them, and an increasing media presence to cover the actual occurrences, have misrepresented the actual level of danger associated with swimming at beaches. This misrepresentation has caused people to now associate beaches to sharks. Beaches have become for many, the conditioned stimulus, and those associating that conditioned stimulus to sharks is exhibiting a conditioned response. In the case of Operant Conditioning, behaviors are based on consequences. These consequences could be in the form of repeatable behaviors or reinforcement or punishments. â€Å"Any well-trained â€Å"operant† is in effect a habit.† (Staddon, 2003) An example of its use would be that the South African Coast is notorious for sharks, especially Great Whites. A surfer entering the water with no incidents will likely continue to enter, reinforced by the fact that no attack occurred. On the other hand, if that surfer were attacked, that would be a strong consequence, in the form of punishment, to discourage further entry. Cognitive social learning involves less of outside stimulus and relies more on the inherent capabilities of the individual to assess the stimulus and make determinations. In the same South African Coast example, the surfer, knowing that a particular area had many sharks, would have developed sufficient reasoning. To determine that he or she should find another safer, less populated area to surf in. In all of the learning theories discussed, there are elements of each that work best in particular situations. Overall, it is my opinion that cognitive-social learning is the most reliable theory, with regards to the learning process, for it relies on the inherent nature of the beings. Classical conditioning utilizes association that does not necessarily pertain to that behavior. Consequently, operant conditioning modifies behavior only after several occurrences and or consequences. Reference MedicineNet.com. (June 14, 2012). Definition of Fear of sharks. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12519 Staddon, J. E. R., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 115-44. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/205795898?accountid=458 Classical conditioning. (2009). In A. Reber, R. Allen, & E. Reber, The Penguin dictionary of psychology. London, United Kingdom: Penguin. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/content/entry/penguinpsyc/classical_conditioning/0

Deep Economy by Bill McKibben

Deep Economy by Bill McKibben Introduction Deep Economy offers an insightful platform to any reader as it prompts him to analyze his current living condition. The author, Bill McKibben captures the reader’s mind through his well thought out and articulated ideas that expose his prowess in the field of ecological economics. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Deep Economy by Bill McKibben specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book delivers a specific message to the reader and even critics have agreed that the book plays its role in communication. Bill challenges the reader to think of another life beyond ‘growth’ to achieve prosperity. He argues that this is possible if people concentrate more in their local production. He seems to have an answer to all the budding problems affecting the community with an aim of bringing changes in their daily lifestyle and economy. One of the strongest points brought out in his argument is his s tand on the community and individualism (McKibben 108). Many people have no idea what this means but a clear understanding of Deep Economy brings to light the issue of community that triggers our thinking. And how does it achieve this goal? First of all, we have shunned communism and turned to individualism. We have lost the idea of thinking as a community and turned to other westernized sources outside our own society to revive our economy. A wrong move I must say. Secondly, globalization seems to be conquering the entire world leading to the loss of all types of primeval community values. McKibben argues that we need to re-awaken the lost communities, a concept which though possible, has been met with a lot of criticism. Lastly, it is apparent that the community has adequate resources to sustain the economy but we, as individuals, tend to ignore them. The Importance of Community Based on the above three reasons that help us to understand our community, it is worth discussing its role. McKibben holds the community in high esteem as portrayed in chapter three and four of his book. These two chapters give a conclusive argument on why the community is vital for economic growth. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The community is inhabited by individuals who are hyper (McKibben 115). More emphasis should therefore be placed on the community rather than the sole individual. McKibben advocates for the embracing of community values to attain a more sustainable lifestyle. Does this make any sense? Well, society has currently become more individualized with everybody crying about their ‘rights.’ This has been attributed to globalization and change of culture that has led people to be selfish in their way of living. The new culture of ‘everyone for himself and God for us all’ has become entrenched in individuals, hence shunn ing the society and its needs. Many people would be lost in the idea of thinking that the community does not play any role in our daily lives hence shunning it. The economy depends on right relationships within the community. Successful people such as Schumacher or Michael Ruppert are evidence that success comes from within the community and that it is challenging for individuals to try making it on their own (Hoogstraten 45). Modernization is taking over communities leaving individuals to be more and more independent. What happens to family-community? Where does the church and state-community stand? What McKibben is trying to argue is that we seem not to care about the welfare of each other. In the Middle Ages for example, a family problem was solved by the community but today the situation has changed. We are turning to institutions such as the court to give us a solution. The idea of worshipping together as a community was lost long ago with the individuals deeply engaged in sh opping and their careers. McKibben offers a solution of revival but many critics argue that this is not possible. The most applicable solution offered by McKibben, and one that I wholly agree with is the idea of using the community to create our own local wealth (McKibben 120). The example he gives on how the community is capable of creating its own wealth is proof enough that the society has the required resources to improve the economy. Two examples from his book that clearly stand out are the idea of the bus transportation model that he observes in Brazil and the concept of owning a currency that can only be exchanged locally. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Deep Economy by Bill McKibben specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These ideas are brilliant and applicable and one wonders why we have never thought of these before. It is true that people have forgotten to invest in their own communities and are fascinated by other successful business investments outside their territory. Criticism The idea of communism has not been received without criticism. The idea has been criticized on the notion that it will be difficult to revert to communism (Rheannon 23). This is because people have already adjusted to a new livelihood of individualism and independence. Most people will not be willing to let go of the idea of private ownership which will have to undergo a transformation to attain a sustainable balance with community ownership. Though this arguments make sense, it can however be argued that it is possible to utilize the resources in the community to regain the lost glory. This is possible through special initiatives such as volunteer and welfare groups (Korten 67). Conclusion The community has the potential. That said and done, it is for us as community members to turn that potential into reality. Deep Economy got us thinking about the ‘after growth’ to a better economic future. T he book is worth reading and recommending to everybody wishing to make a change in their lifestyle by involving the community. Hoogstraten, Hans-Dirk. Deep Economy: Caring for Ecology, Humanity and Religion. England: James Clarke Co., 2001. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Korten, David. Agenda for a New Economy: From Phantom Wealth to Real Wealth. California: Berrett-Koebler Publishers, 2010. Print. McKibben, Bill. Deep Economy: The Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future. New York: Time Books, 2007. Print. Rheannon, Francesca. Book Review: Deep Economy: The Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future. Sustainability Investment News. 7 May 2007. www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cg/2286.html. 3 August 2011. Print.

The Consequences of World War I

The Consequences of World War I World War I was fought on battlefields throughout Europe between 1914 and 1918. It involved human slaughter on a previously unprecedented scale- and its consequences were enormous. The human and structural devastation left Europe and the world greatly changed in almost all facets of life, setting the stage for political convulsions throughout the remainder of the century. A New Great Power Before its entry into World War I, the United States of America was a nation of untapped military potential and growing economic might. But the war changed the United States in two important ways: the countrys military was turned into a large-scale fighting force with the intense experience of modern war, a force that was clearly equal to that of the old Great Powers; and the balance of economic power began to shift from the drained nations of Europe to America. However, the dreadful toll taken by the war led U.S. politicians to retreat from the world and return to a policy of isolationism. That isolation initially limited the impact of Americas growth, which would only truly come to fruition in the aftermath of World War II. This retreat also undermined the League of Nations and the emerging new political order. Socialism Rises to the World Stage The collapse of Russia under the pressure of total warfare allowed socialist revolutionaries to seize power  and turn communism, one of the world’s growing ideologies, into a major European force. While the global socialist revolution that Vladimir Lenin believed was coming never happened, the presence of a huge and potentially powerful communist nation in Europe and Asia changed the balance of world politics. Germanys politics initially tottered toward  joining Russia, but eventually pulled back from experiencing a full Leninist change and formed a new social democracy. This would come under great pressure and fail from the challenge of Germanys right, whereas Russias authoritarian regime after the tsarists lasted for decades. The Collapse of Central and Eastern European Empires The German, Russian, Turkish, and Austro-Hungarian Empires all fought in World War I, and all were swept away by defeat and revolution, although not necessarily in that order. The fall of Turkey in 1922 from a revolution stemming directly from the war, as well as that of Austria-Hungary, was probably not that much of a surprise: Turkey had long been regarded as the sick man of Europe, and vultures had circled its territory for decades. Austria-Hungary appeared close behind. But the fall of the young, powerful, and growing German Empire, after the people revolted and the Kaiser was forced to abdicate, came as a great shock. In their place came a rapidly changing series of new governments, ranging in structure from democratic republics to socialist dictatorships. Nationalism Transforms and Complicates Europe Nationalism had been growing in Europe for decades before World War I began, but the wars aftermath saw a major rise in new nations and independence movements. Part of this was a result of Woodrow Wilson’s isolationist commitment to what he called self-determination. But part of it was also a response to the destabilization of old empires, which nationalists viewed as an opportunity to declare new nations. The key region for European nationalism was Eastern Europe and the Balkans, where Poland, the three Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and others emerged. But nationalism conflicted hugely with the ethnic makeup of this region of Europe, where many different nationalities and ethnicities sometimes lived in tension with one another. Eventually, internal conflicts stemming from new self-determination by national majorities arose from disaffected minorities who preferred the rule of neighbors. The Myths of Victory and Failure German commander Erich Ludendorff suffered a mental collapse before he called for an armistice to end the war, and when he recovered and discovered the terms he had signed onto, he insisted Germany refuse them, claiming the army could fight on. But the new civilian government overruled him, as once peace had been established there was no way to keep the army fighting. The civilian leaders who overruled Ludendorff became scapegoats for both the army and Ludendorff himself. Thus began, at the very close of the war, the myth of the undefeated German army being stabbed in the back by liberals, socialists, and Jews who had damaged the Weimar Republic and fueled the rise of Hitler. That myth came directly from Ludendorff setting up the civilians for the fall. Italy didn’t receive as much land as it had been promised in secret agreements, and Italian right-wingers exploited this to complain of a mutilated peace. In contrast, in Britain, the successes of 1918 which had been won partly by their soldiers were increasingly ignored, in favor of viewing the war and all war as a bloody catastrophe. This affected their response to international events in the 1920s and 1930s; arguably, the policy of appeasement was born from the ashes of World War I. The Largest Loss: A Lost Generation While it is not strictly true that a whole generation was lost- and some historians have complained about the term- eight million people died during World War I, which was perhaps one in eight of the combatants. In most of the Great Powers, it was hard to find anyone who had not lost someone to the war. Many other people had been wounded or shell-shocked so badly they killed themselves, and these casualties are not reflected in the figures.

Analysis of consequences for the consumer choice Essay

Analysis of consequences for the consumer choice - Essay Example The consumers can be rational or biased. The biased consumers are those, who make their decisions on the basis of their influenced directions. The influenced directions means the product that influences their decision making more without considering the key factors of usage may lead to biased decision. On the other hand, rational consumers are those who take decision after complete analysis of the situation and their decisions are logical and justified. Therefore, all of their decisions are also considered to be the best of their wisdom within provided options. Consumers are usually thought to be free of any undue pressure and all kinds of confusions. Therefore, their decisions are analyzed in the given circumstances. For this purpose, many theories and notions have been developed. The famous demand and supply curves are, probably, the best illustrations of these concepts. On the other hand, there are few other things as well, that cause the buyers to make a decision of consuming a c ertain product or service. These factors affect the purchase decisions of the buyers as well as the production decision of suppliers of the same product simultaneously because more sales mean high production and supply of goods in markets. Therefore, it can be said that these are the theories of both, demand and supply. Also, these provide about the decision making choices of both, the buyers and the producers as well. 2. Classical Consumer Theory Classical consumer theory revolves around the interrelationship between consumers’ choice based upon their desires and consumption expenditures. It means that a consumer, prior to making a decision about buying a certain product or service, is rationally concerned with the preference of his choice and the potential expenditure that is likely to be incurred through that decision (Hoyer and Maclnnis, 2008, pp. 32). This is because of the fact that, a rational decision making is based upon all the factors to be kept under consideration . This includes liking, disliking, utility, preferences and expenditures of that choice. However, this relationship is very important to illustrate the patterns of personal preferences, demand and supply curves as well as consumption. This kind of theories is best to ascertain the equilibrium between the likely expenses and preferences as far as the utility of the goods and service are concerned within specific budget limits. These budget constraints are those that drive their personal preferences in order to make a purchase or not. That is why it is said that these budget limits have a lot of weightage. There is another factor that is involved in this buying decision that is utility of a product of service. Greater the utility, more preferable it is. Therefore, as described above, the equilibrium between affordability, available funds for that product of service, preferences and desires are those things which make a decision possible on consumer’s part. On the other hand, gr eater the demand, more supply is likely to be made by the suppliers and manufacturers of the goods in order to earn maximum out of this situation. It is assumed, in this situation, whatever quantity a consumer wishes to buy is available in market. There is no shortage of goods or services that a consumer prefers and there is no shortfall at all (Jehle & Reny, 2009). 3. Framing Effect- Behavioural Economics Framing effect refers to the way a particular product or service is presented to the potential consumers. This is all about the perception how people get it. These are usually the sales and marketing campaigns of the businesses that create the image