Treasure Island :: Free Essays Online

Fortune Island Robert Louis Stevenson was conceived on November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the lone offspring of Thomas Stevenson and Margaret Isabella Balfour. Stevenson's dad had a place with a group of designers who were liable for a large number of ocean beacons worked around the shoreline of Scotland. His mom, Margaret, originated from a group of chapel priests and legal counselors. Because of his dad's recognized profession, it was normally accepted that Stevenson would emulate his dad's example, similarly as other relatives had achieved through the ages. Shockingly discovered, composing would be his common calling. At age two, Stevenson got what is known as the croup, which is an incendiary sickness of the larynx and trachea. As a little youngster, Stevenson was tormented with sicknesses, similarly as his mom. It was initially accepted that Stevenson may have acquired tuberculosis from his mom Margaret. It is to some degree amusing that the genuine reason for his unexpected passing was because of a cerebral drain similarly as his dad clearly kicked the bucket because of apoplexy, or the coagulating of his blood. Shockingly, Stevenson’s wellbeing was persistently sketchy all through his lifetime. In 1867, Stevenson entered Edinburgh University and at first started to move in the direction of a Science certificate. He later changed to Civil Engineering to conciliate his dad and invested some energy working in the field. His enthusiasm for composing started at an early age yet his dad would have liked to persuade Stevenson that it was an extraordinary side interest since his dad had goals of him continuing with the family convention and become a structural architect. Fortuitously, while Stevenson was traveling on an island named Earraid, he met a stonemason, who at the time was dealing with a beacon, named John Silver. This name will in the end be utilized and notable in his popular novel, Treasure Island. The mid year of 1881 end up being a defining moment in Stevenson's vocation. Soon after his union with Fanny Osbourne, Stevenson would start a novel, which would check the start of his vocation. Because of harsh climate and Stevenson’s sketchy wellbeing, the family invested an expanded measure of energy inside. On one specific day, Stevenson and his stepson Lloyd drew and named a guide, which would in the long run be the motivation for Treasure Island. The guide set off Stevenson's creative mind and he started by composing a section a day, an aggregate of nineteen, and read the parts so anyone might hear daily to his family for amusement.

Mosasaurus Facts and Figures

Mosasaurus Facts and Figures The name Mosasaurus (articulated MOE-zah-SORE-usis) is somewhat gotten from the Latin word Mosa (the Meuse River), and the second 50% of the name originates from the word Sauros, which is Greek for reptile. This sea abiding animal is from the late Cretaceous time frame (70 to 65 million years back). Its distinctive qualities incorporated a dull, gator like head, balance on the finish of its tail, and a hydrodynamic form. It was huge up to 50 feet in length and gauging 15 tons-and remained alive on a tight eating routine of fish, squid, and shellfish. About Mosasaurus The remaining parts of Mosasaurus were found well before taught society knew anything about development, dinosaurs, or marine reptiles-in a mine in Holland in the late eighteenth century (henceforth this animals name,â in respect ofâ the close by Meuse River). Critically, the uncovering of these fossils drove early naturalists like Georges Cuvier to hypothesize, just because, about the chance of species going wiped out, which went against acknowledged strict authoritative opinion of the time. (Until the late Enlightenment, most instructed individuals accepted that God made all the universes creatures in Biblical occasions and that precisely the same creatures existed 5,000 years back as do today. Did we notice that they additionally had no origination of profound geologic time?) These fossils were differently deciphered as having a place with fish, whales, and even crocodiles; the nearest surmise (by the Dutch naturalist Adriaan Camper) was that they were monster screen reptiles. It was Georges Cuvier who set up that the fearsome Mosasaurus was a goliath individual from the group of marine reptiles known as mosasaurs, which were described by their huge heads, ground-breaking jaws, smoothed out bodies, andâ hydrodynamicâ front and back flippers. Mosasaurs were just indirectly identified with the pliosaurs and plesiosaurs (ocean snakes) that went before them (and which they to a great extent superseded from the predominance of the universes seas during the late Cretaceous time frame). Today, developmental researcher accept they were most firmly identified with advanced snakes and screen reptiles. The mosasaurs themselves went wiped out 65 million years back, alongside their dinosaur and pterosaur cousins, by which time they may as of now have been capitulating to rivalry from better-adjusted sharks. Similarly as with numerous creatures that have loaned their names to whole families, we know relatively less about Mosasaurus than we improve bore witness to mosasaurs like Plotosaurus and Tylosaurus. The early disarray about this marine reptile is reflected in the different genera to which it was relegated over the span of the nineteenth century, including (take a full breath) Batrachiosaurus, Batrachotherium, Drepanodon, Lesticodus, Baseodon, Nectoportheus, and Pterycollosaurus. There have likewise been near 20 named types of Mosasaurus, which slowly fell by the wayside as their fossil examples were doled out to other mosasaur genera; today, all that remain are the sort species, M. hoffmanni, and four others. Incidentally, that shark-gulping Mosasaurus in the film Jurassic World mayâ seem amazing (both to individuals in the anecdotal park and individuals in the genuine cinema crowd), yet its totally out of scale: A genuine, 15-ton Mosasaurus would have been a request for greatness littler and significantly less noteworthy than its true to life delineation andâ almost certainlyâ incapable of hauling an enormous Indominus rex into the water.

McLean, John

McLean, John McLean, John m?klan ´ [key], 1785â€"1861, American political figure and jurist, b. Morris co., N.J. His family moved to Ohio, where he studied law, was admitted (1807) to the bar, and practiced in Lebanon. He served in the House of Representatives (1813â€"16), was an associate justice of the Ohio supreme court (1816â€"22), and commissioner of the U.S. General Land Office (1822â€"23). President Monroe appointed him Postmaster General in 1823, and he was reappointed by John Quincy Adams. McLean resigned in 1829 because of disagreement with Andrew Jackson on the question of patronage. Jackson, however, appointed (1829) him to the U.S. Supreme Court where he served as an associate justice until his death; he is perhaps best remembered for his dissenting opinion in the Dred Scott Case . See biography by F. P. Weisenburger (1937, repr. 1971). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia artic les on: U.S. History: Biographies

Quality Management Process At Jubilee Services - 1254 Words

Quality Management Process at Jubilee Services Incorporation Student’s Name University Affiliation Date Quality Management Process at Jubilee Services Incorporation Quality Management Process Jubilee Services Incorporation (JSI) has been successful in business since 2003. However, ten years later, Jane, the human resource manager locates herself in a critical financial quandary. The demand for manpower resource in the company is speedily declining. She thinks that this is a consequence of a slowdown in economic milieu and that her company is one of the victims. Jane also believes that she has done nothing erroneous and that financial turmoil her company is undergoing will be a thing of the past soon. However, the truth is that the problem of the entire organization transcends the monetary crisis. The human resource manager must hence come up with viable solutions to mitigate the challenges facing the company. The paper explains the process of total quality management at Jubilee Services Inc. from the human resource manager s standpoint. Problem Statement Even though Jubilee Services Corporation have been doing good in the business for the past ten years, the current pecuniary plunge calls for drastic actions to salvage the company. Customers have been complaining of poor services, a situation that makes them opt for the competitors services. Analysis shows that the department of human resource has a major problem with the quality management, qualityShow MoreRelatedManaging the IT System in an Efficient Manner1433 Words   |  6 PagesG64MIT Individual coursework School of Computer Science G64 MIT Management of Information Technology Title: Invitation for tender By Vishnuvardhan Subbaiah Balasubramanian Page | 1 G64MIT Individual coursework Introduction: Overview: The Jubilee International University has recognised that there is a fundamental need to manage the IT systems in a structured and efficient manner. So, it has decided to upgrade the IT systems and wishes to invite appropriate software companies to tenderRead MoreManaging the IT System in an Efficient Manner1442 Words   |  6 PagesG64 MIT Management of Information Technology Title: Invitation for tender By Vishnuvardhan Subbaiah Balasubramanian Page | 1 G64MIT Individual coursework Introduction: Overview: The Jubilee International University has recognised that there is a fundamental need to manage the IT systems in a structured and efficient manner. So, it has decided to upgrade the IT systems and wishes to invite appropriate software companies to tender for the design and implementation of the student management systemRead MoreBenchmarking Is A Part Of Total Quality Management1483 Words   |  6 Pagespart of total quality management; it is the process of establishing a standard of excellence by measuring and comparing an organization’s processes with the practices and processes of other organizations. According to Amerinet Inc. 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The Causes and Signs of Domestic Violence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 997 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Domestic Violence Essay Did you like this example? Domestic violence is a destructive issue that is very common and affects many Americans today. Abuse can occur in heterosexual couples and in gay or lesbian relationships as well. These actions can occur within all ages, all ethnic backgrounds, and all income levels. Domestic violence has no boundaries when it comes to personal features. It is disastrous for the batterer and the battered. Abuse is a tragic occurrence and can be fatal. One in four women are abused by their partner and nearly more than 10 million people are abused every year. There are multiple types of domestic violence including physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological /emotional abuse, intimidation, verbal abuse, and economic abuse. These are all serious forms of abuse and do not overpower one another. Domestic violence is any consistent violent or aggressive behavior towards another person that takes place within the home, this effects couples, siblings, parents, or any other people that live within the home. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Causes and Signs of Domestic Violence" essay for you Create order The cause of domestic violence could be unknown, or the person may just feel the need to control the other person because they are better. Abuse can affect anyone including, babies, little kids, teenagers, young adults, women, men, and elderly women/men, however women are proven to be affected the most. Many sources state that the abuser may feel the need to control the other person due to lack of self-esteem, serious jealousy issues, difficulties in regulating anger, psychological disorders, or other strong emotions. People could have mental illnesses that cause them to think as if they are inferior the other person such as bipolar disorder, depression, psychopathy, narcissism, PTSD, or undiagnosed personality disorders. More than 57 million people in the United States (18 and older) suffer from a mental illness. Over 50% of women who live with a mental illness have previously experienced some sort of trauma such as physical or sexual abuse (either during childhood or adulthood), (Trauma). However, there are multiple types of abusive behavior including coercion, isolation, intimidation, economic prevention, or use of children (threatening to take them away, using visitation for other reasons, criticizing the others way of parenting). Children who grew up in homes containing violence, often develop PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) due to the trauma. Post-traumatic stress disorder may last months or possibly years, symptoms may include extreme nightmares, sleep paralysis, intense flashbacks, anxiety, or a constant depressed mood. It typically affects people within the ages of 19 and older. These people learn to treat women with little respect and handle their anger in violent ways, which makes domestic abuse more common and repetitive. It is often passed down through generations. Alcohol and drugs can also contribute to this behavior. A drunk or high person is less likely to control their violent actions towards their partner/victim. People may act like this and have this behavior because it is meant to scare, physically harm, or control the other person. However, some religions believe that abuse is just and okay. The followers of these religions believe that they have the right to control their partner and that women are not equal to men. Some religions still practice human sacrifice. They believe it is okay to kill people and animals for God. People also learn from others in the community or any other cultural influences as they grow up. Violence in a home doesnt only affect the people in the home but the others around too. It sets an example for children that these actions are okay and acceptable behavior. They may view these actions are normal and causing no harm. Studies prove that harmful behavior is caused by interaction of situational and individual factors. This meaning, abusers inherit these actions from family members growing up, and some abusers will even admit they witnessed abuse in their community or home growing up. The denomination could be in the form of sexual, emotional, or physical abuse. However, no cause of the violence justifies the action or makes it in any way acceptable. Domestic violence often escalates from verbal threats, arguing and verbal fights to violence. There are ways to gather whether you or someone else may be suffering from domestic violence at home. Abuse could begin with behaviors such as possessiveness, name calling, threats, or distrust. The abuser may apologize after fights profusely and claim it was out of love and not intended to hurt the person. Some abusive tendencies include accusing the victim of cheating, telling the victim they cant do anything right, showing jealousy over the victims family and friends, embarrassing/shaming the victim, controlling every penny they spend, forcing or pressuring the victim to take drugs or alcohol, threatening to hurt, kill, or take away their children, or intimidation with weapons such as guns and knives. Dominance, humiliation, isolation, threats, intimidation, denial and blame are common signs of domestic violence as well. Domestic violence isnt always physical violence. Emotional or psychological abuse can be just as worse and even more severe than physical violence. Often examples of physical violence are hitting, slapping, strangling, kicking, pushing, biting, and engaging in forced sexual acts. Unfair blame put on the victim is very common in violent relationships. This could lead to emotional abuse; common examples are making someone feel mentally insane and crazy and causing them to blame themselves for the abuse. The violence doesnt always end when the victim escapes the abuser or tries to seek help. Overall, Domestic violence is a problem that needs to be emphasized and there are ways that we can try and prevent this from reoccurring. Stated in the text above, there are many causes of domestic violence, some being preventable and some you cannot do anything about prior to. However, doing thigs such as discovering mental illnesses and reporting suspicious behavior when you see it, could save someones life. Domestic violence is any behavior that the purpose is to gain power and control over another person in a relationship. These actions can lead to horrible things such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal behaviors.

Open-source mobile application development Free Essays

string(156) " lost their lives in the 21 000 events recorded in â€Å"the most comprehensive source of natural catastrophe data in the world† \(Munich Re AAA, p\." Application Development for Emergency Data Collection This Master degree project identified disasters and emergencies as a global humanitarian and technological challenge. Emergency management organizations’ need for access to accurate and up-to-date information about the emergency situation, to help respond to, recover from and mitigate the effects of disasters and emergencies, present a challenge to the field of Genomics. Today the use of remote sensing technologies presents an Increasing number of lotions. We will write a custom essay sample on Open-source mobile application development or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are types of spatial data, however, e. G. Submerged, invasions or otherwise hidden features that still require emergency field personnel and volunteers to interpret and record. By utilizing the increasing ubiquity and computational power of modern smoothness, in order to reach a large number of potential users and volunteers, a mobile application for emergency field data collection was developed. It was developed as a component of a system that, In order to be as collaborative, adaptable and accessible as possible, also to resource-poor organizations, was, with a minor exception, completely open-source licensed. Field trials were held that, due to low participation, could not conclusively evaluate the application and its general applicability to emergency field data collection. They did, however, provide an adequate proof-of-concept and showed that it was possible to apply the application and the Implemented system to a specific emergency field data collection task. The system has great collaborative potential, achieved through openness, mobility, standards compliance, multi-source capability and adaptability. Its administrators re given a high degree of control that lets them adapt the system to suit the current users and situation and its flexibility make it widely applicable, not only for emergency management. From literature, the field trials and the experience gained while developing and using the application, some Ideas for Improving the application and the system were discussed and some future research topics were suggested. Acknowledgements The author would like to express gratitude to: his supervisors – for helpful read-through, comments and suggestions and for their positive attitude which helped him believe In the project throughout its velveteen, his family and friends – for their interest and curiosity, Sandra Person, for her support, understanding and valuable comments, and to all the participants of the Field Trials: Thank You! Appendix 3 – Field Trials Instructions and 63 Appendix 4 – Application User Guide (non-final version)†¦ Dictionary and Abbreviations API Application Programming Interface; can be described as a group of pre- constructed software components that developers can combine and use for creating new software. A collection of algorithms, classes and/or data structures for e. G. Performing specific tasks or communicating with other software. Disreputableness request A type of request standard published by COG (2013) and used by WFM clients to retrieve information about a specific layer offered by the WEST. DECADE The Android application developed as a case study during this thesis project; â€Å"the Emergency Data Collector for Android†Ã¢â‚¬ . EEOC Emergency Operation Centre, a location where emergency management leadership can gather to receive and analyses information, including spatial data, and coordinate rescue and relief efforts (Cutter 2003). Excitability’s A type of request standard published by COG (2013) and that is sent to WHAMS or WFM services to query the service for available layers, options and capabilities in general. Gadget request A type of request standard by COG (2013) that is used for requesting map images from a WHAMS. GIS Geographic Information System; a system capable of managing and using spatial data, aiding in activities such as data collection and storage, viewing, map creation, manipulation and analysis. GEM Geography Markup Language, a spatial data standard published by COG (2013). For further description see Table 3. GAPS The Global Positioning System; a system of satellites that broadcast signals which allow devices with GAPS receivers to calculate their position on the Earth. Layer A layer is a digital representation of a collection of physical features, such as roads, buildings, lakes etc. Each layer consists off specific geometric type such as a Point, Line or Polygon and has common attributes, such as road length, building use category or lake area. A layer can be displayed on a map e. G. By querying a geopolitical server. COG Open Geopolitical Consortium; a consortium of government agencies, universities and companies that develop common open standards promoting geographic information accessibility and interoperability (COG 2013). Open-source Refers to computer software for which the license includes a number of access and use rights to its source code, defined by the Open Source Initiative (OSI 2013). That is, users may for example look under-the-hood of the program, modify it or any purpose and forward it to other users directly. SO Operating System; a basic device software that manages platform for managing and interacting with all other applications on the device. Server Refers too geopolitical server, see Figure 3, whose address can be stored in DECADE. It is a computer software system which can be sent queries over the Internet, in this case for geographic information to display on top of Google Maps, and to which data can be uploaded. SF Simple Features Specification; a spatial data standard published by COG (2013). SLD Styled Layer Descriptor, an COG (2013) web map styling standard. For further description see Table 3. Smartened A hand-held device for mobile voice-, text- and data communication that has a fast Internet connection multiple sensors, including camera and GAPS receiver. Its hardware is powerful enough to browse web pages and run advanced computer programs (mobile applications). Often uses large (for hand-held phones) touch-screens. Spatial data Data with a spatial component, I. E. Coordinates, that are defined by an SIRS and that bind the data to physical locations or geometric features. SIRS Spatial Reference System; a system defining how coordinates relate to locations on Earth. WFM Web Feature Service, an COG (2013) web mapping interface standard for serving geographic features. For further description see Table 3. WHAMS Web Map Service, an COG (2013) web mapping interface standard for serving map images. For further description see Table 3. 1. Introduction Since 1980, 2. Million people have lost their lives in the 21 000 events recorded in â€Å"the most comprehensive source of natural catastrophe data in the world† (Munich Re AAA, p. You read "Open-source mobile application development" in category "Papers" 49). Total global material value lost due to natural disasters during the period is estimated at 3800 thousand million IIS$, with a distinctly rising trend both n the annual rate of loss (Maureen and Breathe 2011) and the annual frequency of reported natural disasters. In addition, technological disasters (e. G. Industrial or transport accidents) contributed with on average 9000 deaths per year during the last decade, 2002-2011 (FRI. 2012). One tool for improving emergency management is quick access to accurate and updated information about the emergency situation or disaster. Such information can be of vital importance for emergency management to enable distribution of the right resources to the right places at the right times and for proportioning the efforts which have the greatest benefit. Much of this essential information has a spatial component, such as extents and locations of damaged areas, the locations of spatial data, are useful in all phases of emergency management (Cutter 2003; Al- Shuddery 2010). There are, however, challenges to overcome in the utilization of spatial data and geographic information systems (GIS) in the context of emergency management, as recognized by e. G. Geezer and Smith (2003) and Manicurist (2005). One such challenge is providing decision makers and field workers with access to data that are accurate and sufficiently up-to-date for their specific purpose. For data that cannot be captured with remote sensing techniques, such as satellite data and aerial photos, or stationary monitoring networks (see e. G. Liana et al. 005), emergency management organizations have to rely on field data collection by employees and/or volunteers. As pointed out by EL-Gamely et al. (2010), recent improvements in software and hardware technology have enabled real-time access to and collection of spatial data in the field. Many groups have utilized the increasing ubiquity and capabilities of modern smoothness for developing field data collection systems (e. G. Enhances et al. 009; Clark et al. 2010; xx et al. 2010; White et al. 2011; Chem. et al. 2012; Decant et al. 2012; Went et al. 2012). Several of these groups have developed such systems as open- source projects, which can potentially benefit society in terms of supporting collaboration between developers, allowing derivative work to build upon previous achievements and allowing less resource-strong communities access to these useful data collection tools. This project builds on these notions of open access and collaboration in creating a free and open mobile GIS and field data collection system. A system that is tailored award emergency management and has a high degree of scalability and adaptability to organization-specific needs. It makes use of existing open-source technologies for the server-side architecture and for the development of a mobile application, henceforth known as DECADE (the Emergency Data Collector for It only requires distribution of DECADE and the server address to those devices. 1. 1. Aim The main aim of this thesis project is to develop a mobile application as a component of a complete open-source system for emergency field data collection. A secondary aim is to evaluate the mobile application to discern whether it is applicable to emergency field data collection and how it can be improved for that purpose. 2. Background This chapter describes the context in which DECADE may operate* and why it is useful. By defining and describing disasters, emergencies and emergency management, and by outlining the role of spatial data in emergency management, the rationale behind its development is illustrated. Undertaken and examples of the technology, standards and open-source licenses available to it are presented. This will provide background for discussion about and aid in the development of the proposed system architecture and the implementation f DECADE that is presented in the System Design and Case Study chapters. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISON) is developing a body of terminology for use by the emergency and disaster management communities. It is intended to improve the work to reduce disaster risk by making the use and understanding of common vocabulary consistent throughout the community (UNISON 2009). To help promote this common understanding this report will, where applicable, use the definitions proposed by the UNISON. 2. 1 . Disasters Emergencies To understand the importance of emergency management and the environment in which DECADE and the proposed system (see section 3. . ) could be utilized, the nature and frequency of disasters needs some attention. The following definition of â€Å"disaster† is proposed by the UNISON: â€Å"A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cop e using its own resources. † – UNISON 2009, p. 9 To study disasters, there are several database projects that record disasters and related information. Some of these databases are created and managed by re- insurance companies (e. . Munich-Re and Swiss-Re). Since these companies provide insurances for other insurance providers, when disastrous events cause widespread damage, they are often paying a significant part of the recovery costs. Thus, in addition to e. G. Universities and governmental organizations, these re-insurance companies have a natural interest in studying disasters and emergency management. Table 1 : Catastrophe categorization developed Jointly by Munich Re, CREED, Swiss Re, the United Nations Development Programmer (UNDO), the Asian Disaster Reduction Centre (DARK) and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISON) in 2007. Source: FRI. 2012, p. 251-252. Natural disasters Biological Insect infestations, epidemics and animal attacks. Geophysical Earthquakes and tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and dry mass movements (avalanches, landslides, recalls and Climatologically Droughts (with associated food insecurities), extreme temperatures and wildfires. Hydrological Floods (including waves and surges) and wet mass movements (avalanches, landslides, recalls and subsidence of hydrological origin). Meteorological Storms (divided into nine sub-categories). Technological Industrial accidents Chemical spills, collapse of industrial infrastructure, explosions, fires, gas leaks, poisoning and radiation. Transportation Transportation by air, rail, road or water. Miscellaneous Collapse of domestic or non-industrial structures, explosions and fires. Natural catastrophes are by far the most common and the most costly type of event, both in human and economic losses. According to the ME-DATA database, during 2002-2011 (not counting non-natural, non-accidental events), natural catastrophes caused almost 13 times as many deaths as technological causes and in excess of 37 times as much economic damage (FRI. 2012). Among the types of natural catastrophes, in all parts of the world meteorological and hydrological catastrophes are the most numerous (Munich Re AAA). When it comes to fatalities, however, most are caused by geophysical events or, as in Europe and Africa, climatologically events. Asia, being the largest and most populated region, suffers the largest number of catastrophes, the most fatalities and the highest amount of overall economic losses, while North America alone has 65 % of the world’s insured losses (Munich Re AAA). In recent years, current and future changes in the global climate have been projected o cause meteorological, hydrological and climatologically extreme events to become more frequent or more intense in many areas (Parry et al. 2007) and an increase in the number of, as well as losses from, weather-related disasters have been identified (Bower et al. 007; Maureen and Breathe 2011). However, as the work by Maureen increase in losses. It may be, as argued by Bower et al. (2007), that it’s mainly the increased susceptibility of human societies that is causing current increases in losses, due to expansion of settlements into sensitive areas and further arbitration leading to a concentration of population and wealth at risk. In any case, the need for better resilience to catastrophic events in human societies is increasing, and significant efforts to improve emergency management before, during and after an emergency event are being made. . 2. Emergency Management DECADE and the proposed system for which it is designed are intended to be used for emergency management, which incorporates all aspects of how communities handle emergency situations. It involves risk assessments as well as planning and education for improved preparedness. It involves policies, guidelines and routines for how to organize participants and resources available, to best respond to the events homeless and for recovering efficiently in the hours, days, months and perhaps years after an event. It also involves how communities learn from mistakes and take steps to reduce future susceptibility to similar events. More succinctly put emergency management is: â€Å"The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps. † – UNINSPIRED, p. 13 In what form emergency management is used depends on the type of emergency that is being considered, but different strategies may be more or less general in their applicability to different types of events (see Table 1). The different phases of emergency management are commonly described as forming a cycle (Figure 1; Cutter 2003; Manicurist 2005; EL-Gamely et al. 2010) with some form of categorization of the relevant emergency management activities. Figure 1 depicts one such interpretation using three phases based on the definitions below. Response: â€Å"The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. † – UNISON 2009, p. Recovery â€Å"The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors. † – UNISON 2009, p. 23 Mitigation â€Å"The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. † Preparedness â€Å"The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions. – UNISON 2009, p. 21 Preparedness can accordingly be thought of as part of the mitigation phase, although it’s sometimes defined as a separate fourth management phase (e. G. Abdullah and Lie 2010). The duration of the phases shown in Figure 1 can, according to the definitions above and those mentioned by Cutter (2003) be approximated to hours to weeks for the response phase and months to years for the recovery phase. The mitigation phase lasts indefinitely or until a new emergency event occurs. As explained by Manicurist (2005); each emergency management phase should ideally be conducted in a way that facilitates success in the next phase, but in the ease of rebuilding societies in the recovery phase this is often overlooked in favor of quickly restoring societies to their previous states. Emergency events can occur in many different ways, as shown in Figure 1 by the three arrows representing the emergency event. They can strike with full intensity immediately and then slowly subside, like an earthquake which is followed by smaller after-shakes. They can slowly increase in intensity until they abruptly end, like a drought becoming increasingly severe until rain comes and quickly rejuvenates vegetation and fills rivers and lakes with water again. They can strengthen and weaken gradually, eke a flooding disaster during which the water level slowly reaches its peak and then slowly retreats again. Events can also be singular surprise events, as the figure in Cutter (2003, p. 440) might indicate, which are over before any sort of response can be organized. Such events might be e. . Sudden landslides or singular earthquakes. In line with the above definitions, the overlapping of the phases depicted in Figure 1 illustrates, first, that the response phase can begin while the emergency event is still ongoing. Second, restoration of facilities in the recovery phase can start (and might even be necessary) revived. Thirdly, it illustrates that mitigation concerns should be addressed already in the recovery phase so that the recovering s ociety will be more resilient to future emergency events. Regarding societies’ resilience to catastrophes, it can be defined as: â€Å"The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. † Building resilience in a society includes many kinds of activities both aimed at reverting catastrophes from occurring or reducing their impact and at improving how the society can respond to and recover from them (Table 2). A notable prevention strategy used in many countries is using land-use planning to restrict development in hazardous areas, albeit with different approaches to assessing risks and what actions to take (e. G. Contain et al. 2006; Galvanic et al. 2010). Other mitigation strategies include e. G. Construction regulations, warning systems, protective structures such as flood barriers (Godchild 2003; De la Cruz-Arena and Tilling 2008; Galvanic et al. 2010) and evacuation plans (Chatterer’s et al. 009). While many such strategies may be effective, there is also a need to ensure that plans and regulations are properly enforced. This is not always the case, especially in poorer countries, as discussed by Kenny (2012). Table 2: Examples of strategies for mitigating catastrophe effects and for improving response and recovery after catastrophes. The division indicates whether they aim to prevent or reduce damage or to improve handling of damage after the event. Mitigation Response and Recovery Land-use planning Insurance against losses Construction regulation Education and Awareness Warning system development Response plans Protective structures Improvement of tools for emergency management Plan and regulation enforcement SAID development for improved decision making With regard to coping with (responding to and recovering from) catastrophic events, building economic buffers to ensure the availability of resources, I. E. Insurances, is a common strategy. Munich Re (AAA) estimate that approximately a quarter of the financial losses that occurred due to natural catastrophes 1980-2012 were insured. Of these insured losses, 81 % occurred in North America and Europe (Munich Re AAA). Kenny (2012) also notes that the victims themselves still pay most of the cost How to cite Open-source mobile application development, Papers

Case Study On Organ Donation - Click to Get Sample Solution

Question: Case study on Organ Donation. Answer: 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Overview Organ transplantation is the choice of individuals, provides the life-saving opportunity for the people who have no other options instead of this. However, a worldwide shortage of organs is the biggest problem for many people suffering from organ damaged or failed cases. Therefore, organ donors are always of the highest priority for every hospital across the globe. Australia holds 22nd rank worldwide from the organ donation perspectives (Tong et al. 2013). Therefore, the researcher will try to identify the major reasons which strongly influence the young people of Australia either positively or negatively to engage in the organ donation activities. 1.2 Purpose and Scope of the Research Study Purpose: The main purpose of this research study is to identify the attitudes of young people especially the young adults of Australia about organ transplantation plans. As the organ transplantation process is not an easy task at all and needs appropriate medical expertise, proper knowledge and awareness should be there among people. Scope: The scope of this research study is to analyze other factors like cultural beliefs or religious beliefs to meet up the organ donation challenges. 1.3 Summary As the number of organ failing or damaging case in increased day by day in Australia, and the number of organ donors is comparatively less, the researcher will try to find out reasons that can have positive as well as negative impacts on the young people who are mostly the demandable ones on the global level. 2. Research Purpose and Questions 2.1 Problem Statement The problem statement of this research will be used to identify the reasons and the knowledge of young people in Australia to stay away from organ transplantation activities. In Australia, 3 out of 10 people die every day due to the organ failing or damaged case. However, in accordance with that organ donors are very less in that country. 2.2 Research Questions What is the thinking of young adults about the organ donation? What factors influence or discourage the young people from donating organs? 2.3 Research Aims Through this research, the researcher will try to examine the knowledge of young people of Australia of young adults and their perceptions on organ donation activity. In order to identify the behaviors, norms and attitudes of the young people the researcher will use a behavioral framework to measure the differences between opinions and thinking of people of Australia. 2.4 Research Objectives In order to conduct the research in a systematic fashion, researcher will set up the following objectives To identify the attitudes of young people of Australia towards organ transplantation To examine the knowledge of young adults of Australia about organ donation To identify the pros and cons of organ donation process 2.5 Research Hypothesis Hypothesis 1 H0: Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and norms have significant impacts on organ donor activity H1: Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and norms have no such significant impacts on organ donor activity 2.6 Research Paradigm This research will be useful to identify the positive and negative factors which encourage or discourage the young people of Australia to donate their organs to save others lives. From this research study, the myths or misconceptions and benefits of organ donation plan can also be identified. 3. Literature Review 3.1 Introduction In the case of damaged organs or failure of organs, organ transplantation becomes very necessary. The organ is made up of cells and tissues which help to perform specific functions in the body. In general, there are no such limitations of age to donate organs. According to the medical expertise, from a newborn to the age of seventy-five years old person can donate organs (Bramstedt 2013). However, in the case of tissue donation, especially in the case of cornea the age limit should below 80 years. In the case of long bones displacement or skin donations, there is no such age limit. In the case of tendons donations and heart valves donations, the age should not exceed more than 60 years. In this research proposal researcher is interested in the young people of Australia to know about their thinking and opinions about the organ donation facts. 3.2 Transplant Process and Procedure On the operation bed, whenever a patient falls sick due to the organ is damaged or failed, doctors diagnose the whole body to check whether the patient is fit for organ transplantation or not. After the assessment, doctors contact with any local transplantation center or with the family members of the patient. According to Sheth et al. (2012), in such cases, doctors first choice is any family member of the patient. The main reason behind this is people from the same family mostly carried out successful transplantation than the others. On the contrary, Irving et al. (2012) opined that whether the family members or any outside person is considered for organ transplantation, doctors must do the screening first. Through the screening process, organ donors blood is taken for testing to check whether he or she has any transmissible diseases like HIV, Hepatitis or not. Bramstedt and Dave (2013) mentioned that in two ways organ transplantation can be from two sources. Organs can be removed from the recently deceased people. This kind of organ transplantation is called the cadaveric organs. Organs from the cadaveric donors will be taken after their death. The second source of organ transplantation is from the living persons. This kind of organ donors especially comes from the same family of the patient. Martin et al. (2015) opined that living people can donate their organs in two ways. These donors either donate their one pair of their organ sets like kidney, eyes, or they can donate a portion of their organs like lobe of lung or portion of the liver. The patient is first made ready for organ transplantation, and then the transplant center surgically replaces or removes the failed organs through some specific procedures as shown in the following figure Figure 1: Transplantation Procedure (Source: Hyde and Chambers 2014, pp-170) After the transplantation, the patient is observed for a long time to get well soon. Clarke, Mitchell and Abraham (2014) pointed out that after the transplantation the patient can still face the problem of rejection where the body functions do not fit with the newly fitted organ. 3.3 Attitudes of Young People of Australia towards Organ Donations The researcher is very much interested to know about the attitudes of young people about this organ donation concept, as it has been found out that the number of organ donors in Australia is much less than the other countries like the USA. Through this research, the researcher will be able to identify the behaviors of the young people of Australia weather they are interested to donate their organs for the family members or others or not. Giubilini (2015) stated that only ten people per million population are interested in donating their organs. In addition, these ten people are only interested in donating their organs only for their families and really do not bother for other people's lives. Reese, Boudville and Garg (2015) acknowledged that if any individual is interested in donating their organs, family members do not support it or consult with the doctors again and again. According to Hyde and White (2013), young people are more interested than the older people to donate their org ans to save others' lives as they are more fearless to engages themselves in high risks tasks. Marck et al. (2013) opined that knowledge, norms, beliefs and attitudes are mostly influence the young people whether they should donate their organs or not. The major reason which is found out as a barrier of organ donation decision is a lack of knowledge. People stay away from these organ donation activities as there are several myths and confusions about it. People have a serious misconception that organ donation can lead to death. In addition, people always aware of the fact that after donating the organs, their bodies will not be able to perform properly. Positive, as well as negative attitudes and beliefs, are also having great influence on the young people of Australia and on their decisions to donate their organs. According to Siegel et al. (2014), negative attitudes and beliefs prevent the donors as they get feared that they will be declared dead prematurely, and their organs will be taken away without their concern. However, positive attitudes and beliefs encourage the donors to save others people lives. From the following statistical graph, the picture of Australian donor will be clearer Figure 2: Organ Donation Global Comparison (Source: Razdan et al. 2015, pp-100) Through this research, the researcher will mainly concentrate on the factors that are influencing or discouraging young people from staying apart from organ donation activities. From the global comparison of organ donation, it is found out that Australia holds 22nd rank from this organ donation perspective (Forsberg et al. 2014). As this organ transplantation can save millions of people's lives who are suffering from acute diseases, the Australian government should also think about it and should take the initiatives to encourage the young people to donate their organs. The researcher will collect data from other surveys so that research findings will be more helpful to analyze the entire topic in a detailed manner. 4. Research Methodology 4.1 Research Design Two types of research approaches are taken; one is the inductive approach, and the other is the deductive approach. Huang et al. (2014) stated that sequential approach with the proper selection of research design helps to obtain accurate results from this research study. Inductive approach is used to identify new concepts or theories from the research topic. On the other hand, the deductive approach is helpful to analyze the existing theories of the research topic in details. The entire research work will be conducted through the deductive approach which will help to analyze and test the theory behind organ donation plan. With this deductive approach, the researcher will also select the descriptive design to evaluate the concepts in a detailed manner. 4.2 Intended Population The researcher selects 1000 people as the intended population of this research proposal. Close ended questionnaire will be distributed amongst the participants to get the feedback about benefits and drawbacks of organ donation activities. 4.3 Sampling Design The researcher will use Random probability technique for sampling purpose. With this random probability technique, feedbacks of the participants will be analyzed. 4.4 Research Instrument Primary and secondary data will be collected from offline resources such as journals, articles, and others and online surveys. 4.5 Data Collection There are two types of data collection process which can be used to collect useful data and information for the research proposal. Primary data are collected from interview and questionnaire session. On the other hand, secondary data are collected from online articles, journals, and surveys. These collected data will be useful to penetrate inside the topic to extract accurate information from it. 4.6 Data Analysis In order to analyze the collected data from primary and secondary sources, two types of data analysis can be used; one in qualitative and other is quantitative (Berntzen and Bjork 2014). Qualitative analysis technique helps to understand the social phenomenon rather than experimental facts. On the other hand, quantitative data analysis technique is helpful to extract useful results from large sets of data. For this research proposal, the researcher uses quantitative data analysis method which will contribute to record the data for a large number of population. 5. Planning and Organization 5.1 Models In order to test the hypothesis in accordance with the research aims and objectives, multiple regression models will be used by the researcher. Young people who donate or not interested in donating their organs are considered as dependent variables. Knowledge, beliefs, norms and attitudes which have positive as well as negative impacts on the young people are considered as independent variables. 5.2 Research Implications After completion of this research work, the researcher will be able to identify the main reasons behind the interest or disinterest amongst Australian people to donate their organs to save others lives. 5.3 Timeline Based on the research nature, the researcher uses the timeline to divide the entire research work into some useful divisions to provide a standard and systematic form to the research study. Researcher uses gnat chart which helps to complete the entire work in an easy way. Figure 3: Gnat Chart (Source: Created By Author) 6. Ethical Considerations While conducting this research proposal, the researcher will maintain all the ethical rules and regulations to give a standard form to the entire work. In order to support the research progress, all the references are properly cited. Proper follow up of ethical behaviors will help to solve the problems with fairness and justice. The data which are collected from primary and secondary resources are useful to understand the main theme of the research study in a detailed manner. Commercial applications of the data and information will be avoided by the researcher throughout the research work. The researcher also tries to avoid any internal or external pressure on the participants who will be engaged in this research purpose. 7. Conclusion From this research proposal, it can be concluded that lack of knowledge and differences based on the beliefs, attitudes or norms have significant impacts on the Australian adults who are interested or not interested to donate their for their family members or to save other peoples lives. Demands of organ donors are increasing day by day as the organ failure cases exceeded at a significant rate. In this aspect, it becomes very difficult to find out appropriate organ donors due to misconceptions or medical issues. Therefore, the researcher proposes this study to identify the major factors have a significant influence on the people of Australia, especially on the young people. With the selection of proper research design and data analysis technique, the researcher collects the data from primary and secondary sources. The analyzed data is helpful to extract useful information for future studies. References Berntzen, H. and Bjrk, I.T., 2014. Experiences of donor families after consenting to organ donation: A qualitative study.Intensive and Critical Care Nursing,30(5), pp.266-274. Bramstedt, K.A. and Dave, S., 2013. The silence of Good Samaritan kidney donation in Australia: a survey of hospital websites.Clinical transplantation,27(3), pp.E244-E248. Bramstedt, K.A., 2013. Family refusals of registered consents: the disruption of organ donation by double standard surrogate decision making.Internal medicine journal,43(2), pp.120-123. Clarke, A., Mitchell, A. and Abraham, C., 2014. Understanding donation experiences of unspecified (altruistic) kidney donors.British journal of health psychology,19(2), pp.393-408. Forsberg, A., Flodn, A., Lennerling, A., Karlsson, V., Nilsson, M. and Fridh, I., 2014. The core of after death care in relation to organ donationA grounded theory study.Intensive and Critical Care Nursing,30(5), pp.275-282. Giubilini, A., 2015. Why and how to compensate living organ donors: Ethical implications of the new Australian scheme.Bioethics,29(4), pp.283-290. Huang, J.F., Zheng, S.S., Liu, Y.F., Wang, H.B., Chapman, J., OConnell, P., Millis, M., Fung, J. and Delmonico, F., 2014. China organ donation and transplantation update: the Hangzhou Resolution.Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int,13(2), pp.122-4. Hyde, M.K. and Chambers, S.K., 2014. 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Greys Anatomy viewing and organ donation attitude formation: Examining mediators bridging this relationship among African Americans, Caucasians, and Latinos.Communication Research, p.0093650213475476. Radunz1ABCDE, S., Juntermanns1BDE, B., Heuer1BDF, M., Frhauf2ABD, N.R., Paul1ACD, A. and Kaiser1ABCDF, G.M., 2012. The effect of education on the attitude of medical students towards organ donation.Ann Transplant,17(1), pp.140-144. Razdan, M., Degenholtz, H.B., Kahn, J.M. and Driessen, J., 2015. Breakdown in the Organ Donation Process and Its Effect on Organ Availability.Journal of transplantation,2015. Reese, P.P., Boudville, N. and Garg, A.X., 2015. Living kidney donation: outcomes, ethics, and uncertainty.The Lancet,385(9981), pp.2003-2013. Sampson, B.G., O'Callaghan, G.P. and Russ, G.R., 2013. Is donation after cardiac death reducing the brain-dead donor pool in Australia?.Critical Care and Resuscitation,15(1), p.21. Sheth, K.N., Nutter, T., Stein, D.M., Scalea, T.M. and Bernat, J.L., 2012. Autoresuscitation after asystole in patients being considered for organ donation.Critical care medicine,40(1), pp.158-161. Siegel, J.T., Navarro, M.A., Tan, C.N. and Hyde, M.K., 2014. Attitudebehavior consistency, the principle of compatibility, and organ donation: A classic innovation.Health Psychology,33(9), p.1084. Stenner, P. and Moreno-Gabriel, E., 2013. Liminality and affectivity: The case of deceased organ donation.Subjectivity,6(3), pp.229-253. Tong, A., Chapman, J.R., Wong, G., Josephson, M.A. and Craig, J.C., 2013. Public awareness and attitudes to living organ donation: systematic review and integrative synthesis.Transplantation,96(5), pp.429-437.